are usually treated with surgery. The tumor, adjacent tissues, and lymph nodes may be removed. Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, nephrectomy or partial for kidney cancer, cystectomy for bladder cancer, and orchiectomy for testicular cancer are surgical alternatives.

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Drugs kill body-wide cancer cells. It can decrease tumors before surgery, kill cancer cells after surgery, or treat metastatic cancers.

These medications target cancer-related molecules or pathways. They can treat advanced urological malignancies alone or in combination.

 helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. It treats advanced bladder and kidney malignancies.

is treated with hormone therapy. It inhibits cancer-promoting hormones.